Chlorella – Chlorella vulgaris Beijerink
Chlorella vulgaris é uma microalga unicelular, de cor verde, com propriedades biológicas e farmacológicas importantes à saúde do ser humano(23).
Constituída por compostos funcionais únicos, com especial destaque para o seu elevado teor em proteína, aminoácidos essenciais como o triptofano, a leucina e a metionina, fibra dietética, polissacarídeos, ácidos gordos insaturados, minerais como o o cálcio, o ferro , o potássio, o magnésio, o sódio, o iodo e o fósforo, vitaminas maioritariamente do complexo B, onde se destacam a vitamina B12 e o ácido fólico, bem como as vitaminas C, D, E e K, fitonutrientes, ácido málico, carotenóides que incluem o β-caroteno, a astaxantina e a luteína, e enzimas como a pepsina(24).
Os seus efeitos benéficos parecem dever-se às suas propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias, imunomoduladoras, desintoxicantes e anticancerígenas. No organismo, parece ter a capacidade de conferir proteção celular contra as oxidações indesejáveis e contra o stress oxidativo, aumentando as enzimas resistentes ao stress como a catalase e a peróxido dismutase(25), inibindo a peroxidação lipídica e garantindo a manutenção dos níveis de glutationa através do ácido ascórbio(24). Apresenta um potencial citotóxico e genotóxico(23) e, aumenta a expressão das enzimas pró-apoptóticas em situações tumorais, inibindo a proliferação celular das células cancerígenas, induzindo também a sua apoptose(24). A sua composição permite melhorias no perfil lipídico e glucídico através da normalização dos níveis séricos de triglicéridos e de colesterol total(23), permite reverter a resistência à insulina, reduzir os níveis de Proteína-C-reativa, , sendo coadjuvante em programas de perda de peso, de melhorias da função hepática e de diminuição do risco de doenças cardiovasculares.
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Introdução
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Erva de Trigo
(6) Rajoria A, Mehta A, Mehta P, Ahirwal L, Shukla S, Bajpai VK. Evaluation of antiproliferative and hepatoprotective effects of wheat grass (Triticum aestivum). Acta Biol Hung. 2017 Jun;68(2):150-161.
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Erva Cevada
(9) Zeng Y, Pu X, Yang J, Du J, Yang X, Li X, Li L, Zhou Y, Yang T. Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Functional Ingredients of Barley Grass for Chronic Diseases in Human Beings. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Apr 4;2018:3232080.
(10) Tosh SM, Bordenave N. Emerging science on benefits of whole grain oat and barley and their soluble dietary fibers for heart health, glycemic response, and gut microbiota. Nutr Rev. 2020 Aug 1;78(Suppl 1):13-20.
(11) Panizo-Casado M, Déniz-Expósito P, Rodríguez-Galdón B, Afonso-Morales D, Ríos-Mesa D, Díaz-Romero C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez EM. The chemical composition of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces from the Canary Islands. J Food Sci. 2020 Jun;85(6):1725-1734.
(12) Goudar G, Sharma P, Janghu S, Longvah T. Effect of processing on barley β-glucan content, its molecular weight and extractability. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Nov 1;162:1204-1216.
Couve-galega
(13) Šamec D, Urlić B, Salopek-Sondi B. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) as a superfood: Review of the scientific evidence behind the statement. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(15):2411-2422.
(14) Sundaram CS, Kumar JS, Kumar SS, Ramesh PLN, Zin T, Rao USM. Antibacterial and anticancer potential of Brassica oleracea var acephala using biosynthesised copper nanoparticles. Med J Malaysia. 2020 Nov;75(6):677-684.
Spirulina
(15) Wu Q, Liu L, Miron A, Klímová B, Wan D, Kuča K. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol. 2016 Aug;90(8):1817-40.
(16) Chei S, Oh HJ, Song JH, Seo YJ, Lee K, Kim KJ, Lee BY. Spirulina maxima extract prevents activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting ERK signaling. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 7;10(1):2075.
(17) Martínez-Sámano J, Torres-Montes de Oca A, Luqueño-Bocardo OI, Torres-Durán PV, Juárez-Oropeza MA. Spirulina maxima Decreases Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Results from Exploratory Controlled Clinical Trial. Mar Drugs. 2018 Dec 8;16(12):496.
(18) Szulinska M, Gibas-Dorna M, Miller-Kasprzak E, Suliburska J, Miczke A, Walczak-Gałezewska M, Stelmach-Mardas M, Walkowiak J, Bogdanski P. Spirulina maxima improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and total antioxidant status in obese patients with well-treated hypertension: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017 May;21(10):2473-2481.
(19) Hosseini SM, Khosravi-Darani K, Mozafari MR. Nutritional and medical applications of spirulina microalgae. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013 Jun 1;13(8):1231-7.
Brócolos
(20) Román J, Castillo A, Mahn A. Molecular Docking of Potential Inhibitors of Broccoli Myrosinase. Molecules. 2018 May 30;23(6):1313.
(21) Wagner AE, Terschluesen AM, Rimbach G. Health promoting effects of brassica-derived phytochemicals: from chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory activities to epigenetic regulation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:964539.
(22) Liu AG, Juvik JA, Jeffery EH, Berman-Booty LD, Clinton SK, Erdman JW Jr. Enhancement of broccoli indole glucosinolates by methyl jasmonate treatment and effects on prostate carcinogenesis. J Med Food. 2014 Nov;17(11):1177-82.
Chlorella
(23) Panahi Y, Darvishi B, Jowzi N, Beiraghdar F, Sahebkar A. Chlorella vulgaris: A Multifunctional Dietary Supplement with Diverse Medicinal Properties. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(2):164-73.
(24) Vadalà M, Palmieri B. Dalle alghe ai “functional foods” [From algae to “functional foods”]. Clin Ter. 2015;166(4):e281-300. Italian.
(25) Yu M, Chen M, Gui J, Huang S, Liu Y, Shentu H, He J, Fang Z, Wang W, Zhang Y. Preparation of Chlorella vulgaris polysaccharides and their antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Sep 15;137:139-150.
